“ANTI-TAIL”: What is it and how does it happen?

Anti-tail of Comet Tsuchinsahn-ATLAS on Oct 17, 2024 at E-EYE Observatory in Spain by R.Palcic

(Credits: Anti-tail of Comet Tsuchinsahn-ATLAS on Oct 17, 2024 at E-EYE Observatory in Spain by R.Palcic)

When we think of comets, we often picture them with a bright, trailing tail stretching away from the Sun.

comet tail

(Credits: The Thai Astronomical Society)

However, there’s a fascinating phenomenon called an “Anti-tail” that can appear to point in the opposite direction, i.e., toward the Sun instead of the other way around.

Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 14, 2024 by Adam Block - Gates Pass, Tucson Mountain Park, Arizona, USA.

(Credits: Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 14, 2024 by Adam Block – Gates Pass, Tucson Mountain Park, Arizona, USA.)

This feature may seem unusual because it defies our typical understanding of how a comet’s tail behaves: The tail of the comet always has a direction that points in the opposite direction of the sun.

comet tail

(Credits: Star Walk 2)

An “anti-tail” is an “visual or optical illusion” caused by the space geometry of the comet, the Earth, and the Sun.

In fact, the comet’s tail is not caused by the movement of the comet. The comet’s tail is formed by the solar wind, which is a stream of high-energy charged particles blowing from the sun. The comet’s head is mostly ice and dust. When the comet approaches the sun, it receives heat and solar wind. The ice in the comet’s head is vaporized into gas and spews out a small hole in the nucleus of the comet. The ice and gaseous dust are blown away by the solar wind. So, we see that the tail of that comet always has a direction that points in the opposite direction of the sun.

Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 19, 2024 by Jeff Lesperance, South Carolina, USA.

(Credits: Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 19, 2024 by Jeff Lesperance – South Carolina, USA.)

However, under certain circumstances, the dust particles can form a narrow straight line that appears to point towards the Sun from the Earth’s perspective. This is because we are viewing the particles along their orbit, making them look like they form a tail heading in the “wrong” direction.

Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 19, 2024 by Brian Brennan - Oak Ridge, New Jersey, USA.

(Credits: Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 19, 2024 by Brian Brennan – Oak Ridge, New Jersey, USA.)

“Anti-tail” is made from dust that has recently been left behind by the comet in its orbital plane around the Sun. This phenomenon typically occurs only when Earth passes through the orbital plane, those particles is illuminated by the Sun and reflects back to Earth, giving the impression of a “second” tail.

Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 19, 2024 by Dimitris Dedes - Meteora Rocks Kalabaka, Thessaly, Greece.

(Credits: Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 19, 2024; “Orbital Odyssey” by Dimitris Dedes – Meteora Rocks Kalabaka, Thessaly, Greece.)

It doesn’t last long, often only visible for a limited period of time as the comet moves through space. Despite its fleeting nature, seeing an anti-tail is certainly a rare and delightful treat for astronomers and skywatchers around the world.

Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 15, 2024 by Bray Falls / Astrofalls

(Credits: Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 15, 2024 by Bray Falls / Astrofalls)

Understanding how an anti-tail forms can deepen our appreciation for the complex dynamics of comets. It’s a reminder of how the cosmos constantly plays with light and perspective, creating sights that can surprise even the most experienced observers.

Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 19, 2024 by Dawid Glawdzin

(Credits: Anti-tail of Tsuchinshan-ATLAS on Oct 19, 2024 by Dawid Glawdzin)

For the “once-in-a-lifetime” comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS, Earth was crossing the comet’s orbital plane on Oct 13. So, last week (Oct 13-19) might be the best time to get the stunning images of its “anti-tail”.

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